01 - Preheat oven to 350°F. Line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners.
02 - In a large bowl, whisk together all-purpose flour, brown sugar, baking powder, baking soda, salt, cinnamon, ginger, cardamom, cloves, and black pepper.
03 - In a separate bowl, combine vegetable oil, milk, and egg until thoroughly blended. Fold wet mixture into dry ingredients, stirring gently just until combined.
04 - Divide muffin batter evenly into each muffin cup, filling each approximately one-third full.
05 - In another bowl, beat softened cream cheese with granulated sugar until smooth. Add egg and vanilla extract, mixing until creamy.
06 - Spoon one heaping tablespoon of cheesecake filling over the muffin base in each cup.
07 - Combine brown sugar and cinnamon for topping and sprinkle evenly over cheesecake layer.
08 - Bake 22 to 25 minutes, until cheesecake is set and muffin base is golden.
09 - Allow cups to cool in pan for 10 minutes. Transfer to a cooling rack to cool completely. Chill at least 1 hour before serving.